Friday, 20 June 2025





To(mailto:chief.electionofficer@eci.gov.in)

**Subject:Request for Consideration of "Free Election Campaigning System" to Curb Black Money and Strengthen Indian Democracy


---


**Respected Chief Election Commissioner,**


I, **Subasish Samal**, a responsible and concerned citizen of India from the state of **Odisha**, humbly present this proposal that I believe has the power to transform India’s electoral system and reinforce democratic values — the idea of **“Free Election Campaigning”**, funded and regulated by the Election Commission of India (ECI).


---


### 1. Present Situation: Uncontrolled Campaign Expenditure & Black Money


In today’s electoral system, thousands of crores are spent during elections — far beyond the officially permitted limits. Much of this money is:


* Unaccounted and circulated through **black money** channels.

* Spent on massive rallies, digital propaganda, paid news, and logistics.

* Used to offer cash, gifts, or liquor to sway voters.

* Utilized in unfair practices like booth capturing, fake voting, and coercion.


These practices:


* Undermine the fairness of elections.

* Promote inequality where only the wealthy can contest effectively.

* Lead to deep-rooted corruption and criminalization of politics.


---


### 2. The Proposal: Free Election Campaigning System


Under this model, the Election Commission will take charge of the **entire campaigning ecosystem**, offering all eligible candidates:


* Equal time slots on **TV, radio, digital platforms, SMS, and posters**.

* Free space in public areas for **debates, pamphlets, and banners**, regulated by ECI.

* Disallowance of private expenditures on advertising or promotions.

* Strict surveillance of **offline and online** platforms to maintain fairness.


No candidate or party will be allowed to spend beyond a minimal operational expense. Instead, the **state provides standard promotional support** to each, ensuring **equality and transparency**.


---


### 3. Benefits of This Reform


**Economic:**


* Prevents the flow of black money.

* Saves thousands of crores otherwise wasted in unfair campaigning.

* Redirects national resources to development and public welfare.


**Social:**


* Opens doors for honest candidates from middle-class or poor backgrounds.

* Encourages youth, women, and local leaders to participate.

* Ends dynastic and money-dominated politics.


**Environmental:**


* Drastically reduces use of **paper, plastic, vehicles, and electricity**.

* Prevents noise pollution and littering caused by large rallies.


**Governance:**


* Elects truly deserving and people-centric leaders.

* Restores people’s faith in democracy.

* Reduces violence, vote-buying, and communal tactics.


---


### 4. Disadvantages & Practical Challenges


Admittedly, a few challenges are expected:


* Political resistance from powerful, money-backed parties.

* Need for **advanced surveillance infrastructure**.

* Legal pushback from private media channels or advertising sectors.


**Solution:** Phased implementation through **pilot programs**, strong legal backing, technological tools, and **public awareness**.


---


### 5. Constitutional & Legal Validity


This proposal aligns with:


* **Article 324** of the Indian Constitution – empowering ECI to ensure free and fair elections.

* **Section 77 of Representation of People Act, 1951** – limiting campaign expenses.

* **Model Code of Conduct** – ensuring level playing field.

* **Right to Equality (Article 14)** – ensuring electoral fairness for all.


The Election Commission has the **authority to recommend** such reforms and **enforce pilot programs**. A full roll-out can follow after Parliamentary sanction.


---


### 6. Legislative Pathway to Make This a Law


1. ECI forms a legal & administrative review committee.

2. Submits the proposal to the **Law Commission & Law Ministry**.

3. The Law Ministry drafts the **Free and Fair Election Campaign Bill**.

4. Bill is introduced in **Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha** under Article 245.

5. After Parliamentary debate and majority voting, it gets Presidential assent.


This becomes a **landmark law** for electoral transparency and democracy.


---


### 7. National Impact


By implementing this model, India can:


* **Save ₹1-2 lakh crore** every 5 years.

* Improve global perception of India’s democratic integrity.

* Boost rankings in **Transparency Index**, **Democracy Index**, and **Ease of Doing Business**.

* Create a cleaner political environment.

* Promote **inclusive growth and accountable governance**.


---


### 8. My Request as a Citizen of India


As a proud Indian, I request your esteemed office to:


* Review and consider the Free Campaigning proposal.

* Initiate a committee to study and frame the pilot structure.

* Make a bold step to eliminate money power from our democratic system.


Let us together make elections truly about **vision, service, and character — not cash**.


With faith in your leadership and the Election Commission’s vision, I place this proposal with sincerity and hope.


---


**Sincerely,**

**Subasish Samal**

Odisha, India

Phone: +91-7077517545

Sunday, 8 June 2025

 EarthFund Protocol: A Decentralized Global Giving & Governance Network

Whitepaper sss1.0 Author: Subasish Samal
Date: June 2025


Abstract

EarthFund Protocol is a decentralized global funding and governance platform designed to give power back to the people. By allowing individuals to donate a fraction of their income directly to causes they believe in — through blockchain-powered smart contracts — this protocol eliminates corruption, increases transparency, and puts financial governance in the hands of citizens, not governments.


Vision

To create a world where social impact funding is decentralized, transparent, and driven by community consensus.

Mission

Empower citizens globally to allocate a small portion of their income directly to verified causes through smart contracts, tracked and voted upon using blockchain governance.


Problem

  • Government and NGO funds are often delayed or misused.

  • Donors lack transparency in how their contributions are used.

  • Centralized decision-making lacks real-time public input.

  • There's no global, trustless infrastructure to directly fund verified social causes.


Solution: EarthFund Protocol

A decentralized application (dApp) that enables:

  • Individuals and companies to donate 1% (or any amount) of their income.

  • Smart contracts to hold and release funds transparently.

  • Projects and causes to be proposed, verified, and voted upon by token holders.

  • Public, real-time tracking of funds and project completion.


Core Features

1. EarthCoin (EFC)
A native ERC-20 token used for:

  • Voting

  • Rewards for donors and validators

  • Incentives for impact creators

2. DAO Governance

  • Token holders vote on which projects get funded

  • Stake-based consensus model

3. Cause Registry Smart Contract

  • Stores proposed projects with metadata

  • Includes funding goals, timelines, impact goals

4. Transparent Fund Vault

  • Funds are released only upon community approval

  • Milestone-based payment system

5. Proof of Impact

  • Beneficiaries must submit real-world proof (images, receipts, reports)

  • Verified via Chainlink oracles and community review


Architecture Overview

Frontend: React + Tailwind CSS
Backend: Node.js + MongoDB
Smart Contracts: Solidity, deployed on Polygon
Wallet: MetaMask / WalletConnect
Data Storage: IPFS for immutable data, MongoDB for off-chain metadata


Tokenomics

Token Name: EarthCoin (EFC)
Total Supply: 1,000,000,000 EFC

Allocation % Purpose
Community Airdrop 15% Early supporters and adopters
Founders & Team 15% Locked for 2 years
DAO Treasury 30% Funded projects and incentives
Public Sale 20% For fundraising
Reserve & Advisors 20% Future use + partnerships

Use Cases

  • Build a school in rural Odisha

  • Water projects in drought zones

  • Mental health support via NGOs

  • COVID relief funds

  • Public tech infrastructure in remote areas


Revenue Model

  • 1% platform fee from donations

  • EarthCoin appreciation over time

  • Sponsored causes / verified impact NFTs


Roadmap

Phase 1 – Ideation & Community (June 2025)

  • Whitepaper (sss1.0) release

  • Tokenomics Design

  • Website Launch (Landing Page)

Phase 2 – MVP Development (July–August 2025)

  • Smart Contract Development

  • Testnet Deployment

  • Community Voting + Demo Projects

Phase 3 – Beta Launch (September 2025)

  • EarthCoin Testnet Token

  • UI/UX Launch

  • Verified Cause Submissions

Phase 4 – Mainnet + DAO Governance (Oct–Nov 2025)

  • Polygon Mainnet Deployment

  • DAO Launch

  • EarthCoin Listing on DEX (Uniswap)


Conclusion

Subasish Samal's EarthFund Protocol is a bold step toward reshaping how humanity funds change. It removes the bureaucratic middle layers and replaces them with trustless, verifiable systems governed by people — not institutions. This project holds the potential to empower millions, channel billions, and build a more equitable world.

"Decentralized funding for a centralized dream: a better world for all."

 

Thursday, 24 August 2023

SUBASISH SAMAL

 Sarg Shashi is our maternal grandfather

 Relations with India are high


 Vikram has gone to uncle's house

 Wander there to your heart's desire


 Science has gone with him

 Take photos every now and then


 Whether my uncle is at home or not

 Those two brothers will understand the news


 A wise man is a fool

 Pragya-Vikram Jagga Dhole


 Walk around uncle's house

 Bari garden is there


 Hard or soft soil

 The climate is cold or hot


 Is there a fox in my uncle's house?

 Or what creatures are there


 What did you put under the soil?

 Gold, Diamond, Lila or Piyush


 Nephew sent God by hand

 He has taken the road with him


 Hail, rain, winter in the south

 Now the cow will tell the weather


 Boo here you are there

 Good uncle you are so far away


 It is said to be my uncle

 The uncle is leaving the nephew


 How are you son?

 You have forgotten about the sister


 Both properties belong to Bower

 Chandra Mandal is our treasure


 Are you ignorant of that?

 You have forgotten the nephews


 We haven't forgotten you uncle

 I went to your house today


 Nephew's good and bad will understand

 You will write everything at home


 ISRO Post Office is our address

 Flying there is a triangle.        

            

                                     Subasish samal

ଆମ ଜହ୍ନମାମୁଁ ସରଗ ଶଶୀ

 ଆମ ଜହ୍ନମାମୁଁ ସରଗ ଶଶୀ

  
SUBASISH SAMAL
ଆମ ଜହ୍ନମାମୁଁ ସରଗ ଶଶୀ
ଭାରତ ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବେଶି

ବିକ୍ରମ ଯାଇଛି ମାମୁଁ ଘରକୁ
ବୁଲିବ ସେଠାରେ ମନ ଇଛାକୁ.   




ପ୍ରଜ୍ଞାନ ଯାଇଛି ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ତା'ର
ଫଟୋ ଉଠେଇବ ଥରକୁ ଥର

ମାମୁଁ ଘରେ ମାଇଁ ଅଛି କି ନାହିଁ
ଖବର ବୁଝିବେ ସେ ଦୁଇ ଭାଇ
ଆମ ଜହ୍ନମାମୁଁ ସରଗ ଶଶୀ
ଭାରତ ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବେଶି

ବିକ୍ରମ ଯାଇଛି ମାମୁଁ ଘରକୁ
ବୁଲିବ ସେଠାରେ ମନ ଇଛାକୁ.       
ଜଣେ ବୁଦ୍ଧିଆକୁ ଜଣେ ବଳୁଆ
ପ୍ରଜ୍ଞାନ-ବିକ୍ରମ ଜଗା ବଳିଆ

ବୁଲିବେ ମାମୁଁଙ୍କ ଘର ଦୁଆର
ବାରି ବଗିଚା କି ଅଛି ସେଠାର

କଠିନ ମାଟି କି ଅବା ନରମ
ଜଳବାୟୁ ଥଣ୍ଡା କିବା ଗରମ

ଠେକୁଆ ଅଛି କି ମାମୁଁଙ୍କ ଘରେ
ଅବା କେଉଁ ଜୀବ ଅଛି ସେଠାରେ

ମାଟି ତଳେ ମାମୁଁ ରଖିଛ କିସ
ସୁନା, ହୀରା, ଲୀଳା ଅବା ପିୟୂଷ

ଭଣଜା ହାତରେ ଦେବ ପଠାଇ
ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ତ ଗାଡ଼ି ନେଇଛି ସେହି

ତମ ପଟେ ଖରା, ବରଷା, ଶୀତ
ଏବେ କୋଉ ପାଗ କହି ଦେବ ତ

ବୋଉ ଏଠି ଅଛି ତୁମେ ସେଠାରେ
ଭଲ ମାମୁଁ ତମେ ଏତେ ଦୂରରେ

ଜହ୍ନମାମୁଁ ବୋଲି ହୁରି ପଡୁଛି
ଭଣଜାକୁ ଛାଡି ମାମୁଁ ବୁଲୁଛି

ପଚାରୁନି ପୁଅ କେମିତି ଅଛ
ଭଉଣୀ କଥା ତ ଭୁଲି ଯାଇଛ

ଦୁହିତା ସମ୍ପତ୍ତି ଭାଗ ବୋଉର
ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ମଣ୍ଡଳ ତ ଆମ ଅଜାର

ସେକଥା ତୁମେ କି ପାଶୋରି ଅଛ
ଭଣଜାମାନଙ୍କୁ ଭୁଲି ଯାଇଛ

ଆମେ ଭୁଲି ନାହୁଁ ମାମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ
ଆଜି ଗଲୁ ତେଣୁ ତୁମ ଘରକୁ

ଭଣଜାଙ୍କ ଭଲ ମନ୍ଦ ବୁଝିବ
ତୁମ ଘର କଥା ସବୁ ଲେଖିବ

ଇସ୍ରୋ ଡାକଘର ଆମ ଠିକଣା
ଉଡୁଥିବ ସେଠି ତ୍ରିରଙ୍ଗା ବାନା

Tuesday, 15 August 2023

SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP


 The Next Step in Government -Led Internet


CENSORSHIP Without Transparency is Here


Il, if not most, social media users are critical of the content moderation policies of social media platforms. After all, there is little to like about massive Silicon Valley corporations which harvest our behavioral data to serve us ads, fail to take down hate speech, and instead censor people without meaningful transparency.


This underlying sentiment finds force within a new censorship body, namely, Grievance Appellate Committees (GACs) which became operational on March 1, 2023. They allow users of intermediaries - social media platforms, internet services providers and search engines,


among others in India to file appeals against the decisions of the Grievance Redressal Officer of platforms or their failure to act on complaints made to them. These may include complaints made with the intent to censor offensive content, requests to restore accounts or posts. and so on


Now, all of this will seem very sensible to many people. After all, these platforms lack transparency, and finally, there is some government oversight in the form of these GACs. Such a view would further advance att argument that one should trust public authorities that would obviously protect the freedom of speech and expression of ordinary Indians while safeguarding them from dangers. This was one of the motivations for the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), which claimed that GACs would address grievances being "left unaddressed and unsatisfactorily addressed by internet intermediaries".


Here, we must consider that the legal basis of the GAC itself is questionable. It has neither been constituted by the legislature nor has the legislature permitted the executive to constitute the GAC through any clear provision under the Information Technology Act, 2000. This fits a wider pattern of illegality that is likely to cause censorship and government-led content moderation on social media platforms, without any transparency.

Any faith in the GACs also fails to consider that rather than an independent adjudication. mechanism, it would be subservient to the Union government. After all, there are no clear appointment criteria within the notified IT Amendment Rules, there is a lack of security of tenure, and that is accompanied by the carrot of lucrative financial remuneration. At present, there are three existing GACS that have been notified directly by the Ministry of Electronics and IT. A flavour of the qualifications of the adjudicators within these GAC's us per the notification dated January 27, 2023 includes serving and retired government officers from the home ministry, police services and armed forces. There is also some private sector participation of former senior management personnel of large companies without the presence of any people who are from domum experts on platform regulation, civil society. academia ferget retired judges. even people who are formally qualObscure process,ified and practice law have been excluded

Obscure process,

reporting mechanism 





In about two weeks, these three GAC have received 23 appeals, of which they have disposed off nine. with the entire process being


conducted digitally on an online platform. This has been set up as per the announcement by MeitY when it announced the creation of GACS in a press release which stated that the appeals will have to be raised on the GAC website, and the entire appeal process, from filing the appeal to the decision thereof, will be conducted digitally The press release also revealed that "periodic reviews of GACS and reporting and disclosures of GAC orders will also be part of process (sic)"


However, till date, none of the GAC orders by themselves have been made public. This means that either the appeals have been dismissed or directions have been issued to intermediaries to take down, or reinstate portions of their service. This may ordinarily include social media posts and hence it may have a natural impact on the freedom of speech and expression, or more specifically the fundamental right to receive information. Today, social media censorship is being done by a body appointed by the Union Government without proper transparency.


The mystery around GACs's reporting mechanism and periodic reviews doesn't end there. Details such as how frequently and by whom these periodic reviews will be conducted, the basis on which

they were selected/appointed to do so, etc., are still unknown.

There is no dearth of procedural and operational ambiguities with the GAC Reportedly, each GAC is supposed to have a Project Management Unit (PMU), which consists of 2 appointed members. It was also reported that the PMU "evaluate and prioritise" the appeals, following which the other GAC members will deliberate and discuss. Details on what basis, criteria or parameters the PMU will prioritise among the tens of thousands of appeals and then segregate it among the three GACS have not been disclosed till now. The PMU, which was supposedly created in anticipation of a large number of complaints coming in, has had no official mention so far and its existence was reported for the first time in a news article mere days before the GACS became operational. Thus, it is no surprise that the basis and criteria for appointing the members of the PMU, the details of its composition (number of members, qualification requirements. diversity of the unit, etc), and its roles and responsibilities all continue to remain a mystery


Due to substantive concerns and procedural opacity, the Internet Freedom Foundation filed an RTI appeal on March 14, 2023. seeking information on the reasoned orders passed by the GACs, details on the GACs and the number of disposed of appeals by each of the three committees, details of intermediaries against whose decisions the appeals were filed, and plans of the GACS to publicly disclose the orders. This portends another worrying, development for censorship in India which will be carried out insecret. 

                 
                         Subasish samal

Thursday, 20 July 2023

Tracing the History of Globalism


Tracing  the History of Globalism         

     The world economy opening up after 1980 had no historical protest, it was doing so in a mere permanent.   way.

In the sphery of economics "Be local think global" is the cry of the Proutists. In this piece let us briefly trace the history of Globalism.


The end of the Cold War was the beginning of globalisation -or, at least, that is when people began to talk about it. The term itself entered mainstream discourse in 1983, with an article in the Harvard Business Review by the economist Theodore Levitt. The article lauded the global expansion of markets for manufacturers as the start of a process that would inexorably make the world a better place by breaking down the walls of economic instahy neionalism, and chauvinism." A decade later, talk of globalisation was ubiquitous By then, capitalism had triumphed over communism, and one form of capitalism


--dedicated to dismantling economic and labor regulations, barriers to trade, and exchange controls-had supplanted the more managed, state-run version of the immediate postwar decades.


Globalisation was more than a mere term, of course. Over the last three decades, the world has radically changed and become far more connected by revolutionary technologies, supply chains, and delivery systems. Trade in goods has soared as a proportion of world GDP; cross-border financial flows have grown faster still.


Geopolitical shifts in economic power have seen the rise of a prosperous middle class across much of what is commonly referred to as "the global South," or the bulk of African, Asian, and Central and South American countries. As producers opted for cheaper labor overseas, especially in China, Central America, and Southeast Asia, organized labor in the former manufacturing heartlands of the developed world was decimated. Interdependence and hyper-connectivity also sped

  

            up the transmission of global afflictions, from the series of sovereign debt crises that ran across South America, Eastern Europe, and East Asia in the 1990s to the COVID-19 pandemic.


For a long time, this extraordinary shift in the way the world works lacked any serious historical contextualization. Economists had long ago lost their predecessors' interest in history and instead turned toward mathematics. Historians, for their part, were becoming ever less numerate, and by the time of the 2007-8 financial crisis, they had relinquished almost any interest in macroeconomic change. In fact, it is only in the last decade that scholars have seriously begun to think historically about globalisation.


The relative openness of borders before World War I fostered political activism and economic entrepreneurship. The closing of borders during the war, along with the British continental blockade, led to malnutrition, pandemics, and an enduring anxiety throughout the interwar years about ensuring the security of the national food supply. Fascism's breeding ground lay in the poverty and instability caused by the collapse of political order in central Europe, in particular, as well as in the dislocation caused by: the international economic crisis of the early 1930s. What unites Zahra's large and diverse cast of characters is their role in the grand drama of the struggle between those who stood for some kind of internationalism and their more nationalist and nativist opponents.


Early opponents of globalisation in people who disliked free trade and unfettered immigration, worried about fragile, far-flung supply chains. across oceans and fretted when domestic workers lost out to cheaper labor abroad. The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, was both radically nationalist and anti- global; anti-Semitic violence in central Europe was a violent manifestation of anti-globalism, and Jews were targeted as symbols. of international finance, unchecked migration, cosmopolitanism, and national disloyalty. In these and other ways, the concerns of anti- globalizers a century ago sound familiar today.    

                                                                              On the other hand, the growth 


patterns of recent de re unprecedented and without plausible parallel. Betwee980 and 2008, Europe's export GDP ratio grew from 24.3 41.1 percent, and the worldwide figure from 20.4 to 31 percent. Border- crossing financial markets, institutions, and elites rapidly gained enormous control over national economies. In short, the degree of openness in the world economy around the year 2000 was far greater than in any other period in history.



Not only was the world economy opening up after 1980 in a way that had no historical precedent, but it was doing so in a more permanent way. World trade at the bottom of the interwar slump was down a third from its 1929 height; the slump after 2009 was not nearly so pronounced or so lengthy. In other words, the interwar years in Europe were roiled by a crisis of a severity that has not been matched since.


On the whole, nationalism is a bad thing and that fascist politics were what you might well end up with if you turned your back on free trade, unrestricted migration and the gold standard the interwar versus of globali Zahra thay offers a message color like that of globalisation's proponents today In so doing, dic portrays interwar politics in ways that obscure sonic of the rea)) challenges of those times


The question of how to dial with the spread of nationalism after World War I was unquestionably at the top of the international agenda a cenimy ans The nation-state's march of mumph had begun in the mod nineteenth century and continued with new vigor at the Pare Peace Conference in 1919, when the victonous Allies presided over the dismembering of the Habsburg and Ottoman empires treating the modern map of Eastern Europe and the Middle fast. The process resumed again after World War II with decolonization in what was left of the European copies Borders proliferated and made


international economie life harder No real alternatives stood in the way of the spread of the nation state Empires could not simply be restored. Yet preserving prosperity in a world of nation-states was complicated by radical changes in every domain of life. For one thing. World Wars had increased rates of political participation and taken governance out of the hands of older elites At the same time, the collapse of the nineteenth-century gold standard meant that the international monetary system required concerted management for the first time.


In such circumstances. opposition to globalisation was rational It made sense on many national governments in the early 1930s to abandon the gold standard, opt for autarky, support or nationalize industry that sought to replace imports, and subsidize domestic grain production Such moves did not inevitably lead to  fascism the outcome in many countries was quite different Indeed, from the 1930s to the 1960s, the thrust of development economics across much of the global South was premised on this model the promotion of national prosperity by state-led industrialization drives that identified lant industries and facilitated urbanization


If a return to empire offered no clear ideological alternative to interwas nationalism that left only one other option: Bolshevism. And yet it was the manifest failures of early twentieth-century capitalism to improve living standards for the masses that more than any other single factor helped give Bolshevism worldwide appeal Lenin's desire to export world revolution because the universal ambitions of communism complicate even further the binary framework of globalizers and antiglobalizers? The commitment to build socialism in one country never led the Kremlin to abandon its longer-term desire to see communism triumph worldwide. Theirs was surely a form of global politics, utterly distinct from any other .

      The real lessons to be learned from the collapse of unspean democracy in the interwar years and its saboquent postwar revival nationalism not only framed democracy's demise in the 1910s it als framed democracy's recovery after 1945


Democracy was not restored in Westem Europe because of globalisation. That restoration came about because of how national governments stewarded their economies, producing steady economic growth and decades of low unemployment Indeed, after 1950, national economies opened up only slowly to one another regional integration took decades


The real lesson drawn at the time from the tumultuous interwar years was that laissez-faire economics could be fatal and that politicians had to understand the need for strategic national leadership Today, thanks in no small measure to decades of globalisation, politicians have abandoned this understanding of their responsibility and have coded theit power to central banks, constitutional courts, and the private sector The last thing societies need at the moment is to be told that democracy, now or in the past, depends on globalisation.       

             

          Subasish samal..☺️🌎

         

                          

Thursday, 13 July 2023

COORDINATED COOPERATION HISTORY OF WOMEN'S SUBORDINATION

 COORDINATED COOPERATION

                   HISTORY OF    

                    WOMEN 'S

             SUBORDINATION

     

For society to advance with collective spirit and express its full vitality there must be close cooperation between its members. This cooperation should be coordinated cooperation, not subordinated cooperation. It should not be the relationship of master and servant, but that of people having mutual respect and cordiality. Coordinated cooperation should be the norm in all human relationships. There should be coordinated cooperation in the workplace, in political life, in religious life, in educational institutions, in international relations, in relations between ethnic groups, etc. At present, however, there are many spheres of social life in which interactions occur on a subordinated basis.           One sphere and n which subordinated cooperation has long been pervasive is in the relations between men and women. In most societies and social settings, women do not enjoy the same privileges, they are not given the same respect, they do not possess an equal measure of independence, and they do not have the same opportunity to develop their potentialities as do men.    

      Not only to be women suffer from oppression at the whole society is burden When women are confined to the household or to menial occupations, society's progress is stunted. This condition is much less prevalent in industrialized countries; yet even here, where women's capacities are better expressed and their rights better established, they often don't enjoy full dignity and opportunity. It is the birthright of women to enjoy the same dignity and opportunity as men, and this birthright must be established within the homes, at the workplace, in the schoolrooms, and on the streets. As many women have come to understand, these rights cannot be easily established if they wait patiently for their due. Securing one's rights does not occur spontaneously but comes through struggle and the exertion of power.


     Women should not be alone in this struggle, nor need they depend solely on social agitation to secure respect. It is the duty of men to see that their sisters, mothers, wives, daughters, and women friends obtain equal access to skills and resources, knowledge and culture, and challenges and opportunities. Men have privileged position in the society in part due to the self- sacrificing nature of women. Women trustingly surrendered a measure of their rights and privileges to men, so it is the obligation of men to help restore women's independence and respect.

  History of women's subordination

Women were always subordinated to men prehistoric times, women had at the same adversities of a bostile environment as did ren, and they had to be self-reliant de dere was often not the support mate who identified as the father of the offspring. In such conditions, women not only survived on their own strength but did so while caring for their children.


 In the late Paleolithic era, when the social structure became more evolved, women held prominent status. Archeological evidence suggests that these early societies were mainly matriarchal. The wisest and most spirited women were made group mothers, and other members of the clan took the name of the group mother in designating their lineage.


Even today there are matriarchal tribal societies, and among many tribal people matrilineal descent is still followed. Many Native American societies were matrilineal. "The Great Law of Peace", which defined the governing structure of the Iroquois League of Six Nations, stated that "The lineal descent of the people of the Six Nations shall run in the female line. Women shall be considered the progenitors of the Nation. Men and women shall follow the status of their mothers." And even today, in tribal societies where matriarchy and matrilineal descent are no longer followed, there is no lack of liberal-mindedness with respect to women's freedom.


Anthropological evidence does not support the view that it is natural for women to be in a servile role, or that woman's place is in the home under the man. Instead we find that at the birth of human society, women were often the recognized leaders and that their social status is still respected in tribal cultures.


How did the status of women get degraded? In the early phase of civilization, as population grew and tribal territory expanded, the masily male warriors and chieftains fought to enlarge their domains or to protect their realms from conquest. They engaged in their warfare with a respect for the values of dignity and honor. This awakened in them a sense of conscience. To slay the unarmed or the aged; to stab a person in the back; or to murder those who surrendered- all went against their code of honor. Human values began to supplant their brutish ways. This sense of conscience led the males to develop feelings of responsibility towards family life, so there came to be a sense of duty towards mate and offspring. In this social context, the institution of marriage evolved, and the husband assumed increasing responsible to provide for the family. Women, in turn, became more dependent on men. With this social change, the status of men increased, and group mothers lost their status. And, due to the prestige of the heroic warriors, children sought to become heirs to their father's tradition and rank. So matrilineal descent eventually died out, and patrilineal descent became the norm.

Subasish samal

In the warrior cra women may have lost their ruling position and some social rights, but they lost little of their social status. In the Age of Antiquity, women. generally possessed dignity, and their privileges were comparable to those of men in many spheres of life. On the whole, they WITO regarded as men's coworkers


It was during the next ers when society came to he dominated by the priestly clas that women lost their dignity, became wage-less slaves, and were treated as objects of men's enjoyment PR Sarkar observed that, "Conspiring to cripple women in every way the [priestly class] evolved divine commandments together with numerous scriptural injunctions, para-logical tencts, and imaginary yarns of sin and virtue. Listening to these it seems to one's mind as though man alone is the chosen human of God, the rest of humanity have taken birth only to provide him with the wherewithal for enjoyment."


The instructions on "right behavior" for women found in Confucius' book, Anelect. illustrate this point: "Man is the representative of Heaven and is supreme over all things Woman yields obedience to the institutions of man.... Woman's business is simply the preparation and supplying of wine and food. She may take no step of her own motion and may come to no conclusion in her own mind." Much the same attitude is expressed in the Kama Suara. written during India's medieval period: A vinuous woman who has affection for her husband should act in conformity with his wishes as if he were a divine being. and with his consent should take upon herself the whole care of his family. When she hears the sound of his footsteps coming home, she should at once get up and be ready to do whatever he may command


her and wash his feet" Women were more like slaves than servants, for servants at least receive modest pay and dignity. Women were objects of enjoyment, necessary tools of the household, and child-bearers maintaining the family line. Their very sense of existence was defined in relation to men; they were allowed no independent identity Girls were often forced to marry old men and were neither allowed to divorce, nor to remarry. once widowed In India, when the husband died, the widow was often burned alive on the funeral pyre with the dead man's corpse In feudal Europe, the church dealt severely with independent-minded


women Many such women were accused of being witches and, after being "convicted" by church on the despair authorities, were burned at the stake. Commenting of women in this cra, Shrii P. R Sarkar said, "Millions of women wept and sobbed themselves to death in the darkness of many a sleepless night. They were just ground and leveled flat like the soft earth under the administrative steam roller of the priestly class]."

In the more secular capitalist era which has followed, religious scripture was less effective of a mechanism for keeping women subordinate (though religious dogmas were still an oppressive influence). A less blatant means was initially used to maintain women's oppressed status they were kept economically dependent. It is not easy for a woman to be assertive with a demanding and abusive husband when he controls the resources for the family's food, clothing and shelter. For long into the capitalist era, women could not even hold property or establish bank accounts in their own name.


In modern industrialized societies women have attained greater control over personal property and more opportunity to work outside the home. But they are often blocked from job advancement beyond a certain point, and they may have to put up with patronizing and sexual harassment.


In a few progressive societies social equality is now better established, and the independent woman has come into her own. But has she attained fully liberated status? Not if she is socialized to define herself largely on the basis of consumption, personal image, and material or sensual experiences. Capitalist society has co-opted the rising aspirations of women; it has not supported their genuine liberation.

     
                                         subasish samal🌍👁️ 
                             

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